Team Work Essay

What happened and why : Seagate is one of the largest digital content storage companies in the world and has business in about 15 countries around the world in Europe, Asia and the US ( ©2011 Seagate Technology LLC). To create the ultimate team-building experience, every year Seagate brings 250 high-performing employees to Queenstown, near Lake Wakatipu in New Zealand. This event tests all their physical and emotional boundaries of endurance (Max, 2006). This is a very popular program among Seagate employees and is known as â€Å"Eco Seagate†. The company spent a whopping sum of $9000 per person, and the goal of this exercise is to boost the employee morale, support office amity, and encourage teamwork (Max, 2006). Seagate’s CEO Watkins wanted participants to experience the intensity that distinguishes an informal group from a high performing team. He also wants to strengthen his company’s culture by reinforcing these norms and attitudes that encourage team work, perseverance and endurance. Why did I decide to write about this? I have been working for Seagate technology for about 10 years and have been witnessing this herculean effort of team building since 2001. I attended a scaled down version of Eco Seagate in early 2002, which was equally rigorous and challenging but gave me a new way of thinking about team dynamics. The current form of Eco Seagate is a week-long teambuilding program, which includes a 10-mile trek, 12-mile bike ride through mountain terrain, navigating about 3 miles in a kayak, rappelling down cliffs and more. The last day of the challenge combines these adventurous activities into one 25-mile (40 kilometers) race. On arrival in Queenstown, the 250 Seagate employees were divided into 50 teams of five people each; in most cases the team members had never met before and in some cases didn’t even speak the same language but were expected to work together to finish the Eco-challenge. This event, which some call a social experiment, is pet project of our CEO. Every year all 250 Eco Seagate participants learn a lifelong lesson about the importance of teamwork. He envisions Eco Seagate as a way to break down barriers, boost confidence and make company staffers’ better team players. â€Å"Some of you will learn about teamwork because you have a great team,† he says. Some of you will learn because your team is a disaster. † (Max, 2006). Were there outcomes positive or negative for the various parties in the situation? Certainly the outcome of this exercise is very positive for the company and Seagate’s staff. I would term this event as a mother of all team building exer cise ever executed by similar size company in the Silicon Valley. One must realize that this is an investment towards Social capital (McShane and Von Glinow, pp. 236). After this event Seagate not only achieves better team dynamics within their employees but would also get a stronger bonding between company and the employees. Mentoring and coaching, especially on an informal basis, help people build networks they need to work across corporate boundaries (Gratton & Erickson, 2007). I see one negative side of this elaborate team-building exercise. Two million dollar is a lot of money to be spent on a few individuals in a large company that has 45,000 employees worldwide. There are number of other ‘team building' programs that can achieve the same results if not better at a much lower cost. For me the main issue with this program is that you are going on a team building exercise without your immediate workgroup team. What would you do differently? Why? : As a manager, if I wanted to build a stronger team, I would take everyone in my team to such an exercise so that more cohesiveness and team skills development can be achieved across the board. Based on my own experience team building should be an ongoing process and programs of this kind only have a short-term impact. Rather than one massive/expensive exercise, I would suggest having more frequent low-cost programs that will help me to sustain my team over a long period of time. My learning related to this experience: Prior to going for Eco Seagate team building program, I had a feeling that I would work much better independently just like Scott commented. (Seagate Technology, 2007). My general feeling was that team work would be a burden to me and each person in the team would feel less responsible for contributing because others are present. Initially I suspected that people tend to slack off, or loaf, when they work in a group more than they do when working alone (McShane and Von Glinow, pp. 238). Later I concluded that I wouldn’t be able to complete that race by myself as the format of the race was very rigorous and everyone needs to perform multiple activities at the same time like treking, biking, navigating, map readings, searching for milestones and stretegic planning to overcome the obstacles faced during the race. I started this exercise with low levels of cohesiveness with other participants. That may be because we work in different locations and functional areas in Seagate, speaks different primary languages or we viewed the situation differently. Our five-person team size played a very important role to increase the cohesiveness in first four days of practice and familiarization phase (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 242). Our diversity in knowledge and physical skills helped us to develop our team more effectively (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 245). As a Manager I learned that I need to make sure that diversity is effectively managed in the team, because if it is not, it may lead to low cohesiveness. During four days of the acclimatization session we organized several informal team meetings and started with learning each other’s strengths and weaknesses. During practice sessions we challenged each other based on our weaknesses, which helped us to stretch ourselves beyond our normal physical capability. That was the first time I realized the power of Five â€Å"C† team member competency (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 244). As part of our team building process we established several ground rules for the final day race and assigned team roles based on our strengths and willingness (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 246-248). With the moral support of my team and several practice sessions of rock climbing and rappelling down the cliff, I could overcome my fear of heights and felt a little upbeat. When a group achieves noticeable and visible success, it contributes substantially to its feelings of cohesiveness and belongingness (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 250). Since I know a few people who were coming from California, I expanded my network by leveraging them as brokers to â€Å"connect the separate team clusters† (Uzzi and Dunlap, pp. 56). Some of them actually became my social friends and one of them recently took me around for a quick sight-seeing tour of Amsterdam during my eight-hour layover at AMS Schiphol airport. Conclusion: Though we didn’t win the race, we successfully completed it about 50 minutes behind the first team that touched the finishing line. Overall experience was amazing and the skills that I learned at Eco Seagate are still contributing to my on-the-job effectiveness, including the ability to follow through on commitments to others, actively listen to team members, take responsibility for group successes or failures and give and accept the useful feedback that will help to improve the performance in next iteration. From the experiences at Eco Seagate, hopefully several Seagate managers are cultivated and now contributing effectively to form a high performing team by building trust within teams, sharing and communicating goals among team members, empowering team members, and encouraging them through positive expectations (McShane & Von Glinow, pp. 245-251). Works Cited *  ©2011 Seagate Technology LLC. (n. d. ). About Seagate. Retrieved from About Seagate: http://www. seagate. com/www/en-us/about/ * Gratton, L. , & Erickson, T. J. (2007). 8 Ways to Build Collaborative Teams. Harvard Business Review , 85 (11), 100-109. Max, S. (2006, April 3). Seagate's Morale-athon. Retrieved from Seagate's Morale-athon: http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/06_14/b3978085. htm * McShane, S. L. , & Von Glinow, M. A. (2010). Organizational Behavior: emerging knowledge and practice for the real world (5th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. * Seagate Technology. (2007, Sept 26). Eco Seagate 2007: The Bloggers (1, 2, 3). Retrieved from Eco Seagate 2007: The Bloggers (1, 2, 3): http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=4Gp7AYuZJN0 * Uzzi, B. , & Dunlap, S. (December, 2005). How to build your network. Harvard Business Review .

Family Portrait Essay

My great-grandmother, who is ninety-five years old, recently sent me a photograph of herself that I had never seen before. While cleaning out the attic of her Florida home, she came across a studio portrait she had taken about a year before she married my great-grandfather. This picture of my great-grandmother as a twenty-year-old girl and the story behind it have fascinated me from the moment I began to consider it. The young woman in the picture has a face that resembles my own in many ways. Her face is a bit more oval than mine, but the softly waving brown hair around it is identical. The small, straight nose is the same model I was born with. My great-grandmother’s mouth is closed, yet there is just the slightest hint of a smile on her full lips. I know that if she had smiled, she would have shown the same wide grin and down-curving â€Å"smile lines† that appear in my own snapshots. The most haunting feature in the photo, however, is my great-grandmother’s eyes. They are an exact duplicate of my own large, dark brown ones. Her brows are plucked into thin lines, which are like two pencil strokes added to highlight those fine, luminous eyes. I’ve also carefully studied the clothing and jewelry in the photograph. Although the photo was taken seventy-five years ago, my great-grandmother is wearing a blouse and skirt that could easily be worn today. The blouse is made of heavy eggshell-colored satin and reflects the light in its folds and hollows. It has a turned-down cowl collar and smocking on the shoulders and below the collar. The smocking (tiny rows of gathered material) looks hand-done. The skirt, which covers my great-grandmother’s calves, is straight and made of light wool or flannel. My great-grandmother is wearing silver drop earrings. They are about two inches long and roughly shield-shaped. On her left wrist is a matching bracelet. My great-grandmother can’t find this bracelet now, despite our having spent hours searching through the attic for it. On the third finger of her left hand is a ring with a large, square-cut stone. The story behind the picture is as interesting to me as the young woman it captures. Great-Grandmother, who was earning twenty-five dollars a week as a file clerk, decided to give her boyfriend (my great-grandfather) a picture of herself. She spent almost two weeks’ salary on the skirt and blouse, which she bought at a fancy  department store downtown. She borrowed the earrings and bracelet from her older sister, Dorothy. The ring she wore was a present from another young man she was dating at the time. Great-Grandmother spent another chunk of her salary to pay the portrait photographer for the hand-tinted print in old-fashioned tones of brown and tan. Just before giving the picture to my great-grandfather, she scrawled at the lower left, â€Å"Sincerely, Beatrice.† When I study this picture, I react in many ways. I think about the trouble that my great-grandmother went to in order to impress the young man who was to be my great-grandfather. I laugh when I look at the ring, which was probably worn to make him jealous. I smile at the serious, formal inscription my great-grandmother used at this stage of the budding relationship. Sometimes, I am filled with a mixture of pleasure and sadness when I look at this frozen long-ago moment. It is a moment of beauty, of love, and—in a way—of my own past.

Choosing Technology to Meet a Need Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choosing Technology to Meet a Need - Assignment Example Its adaptations and applications may open doors to the previously inaccessible learning opportunities for numerous children with special needs. In addition, assistive technology supports both remedial and compensatory needs of the student. Tablets, computers, and handheld devices may be very helpful for students with disabilities since they reduce the stress stimuli and cut out distractions improving the student’s academic performance. The technology device will enhance or replace speech for those people with various disabilities in the understanding as well as production of written or spoken language. Chat Box by Unitech is a portable communication device which can be utilized to speak to messages either by means of an optional switch for scanning or pressing buttons on the keyboard. The device can store more than 10 minutes of recorded messages that are stored in four separate overlays. It is portable since it weighs 1.5 lbs. Design: Has the largest display compared to any other chat integrated communication device. 10.1 inch capacitative screen, NOVA chat editor, single along with switch scanning, updated userinterface, and Ivona synthesized speech Of all the Chat communicative devices NOVA chat 10 has the largest screen display (Jackson, 2009). It also offers well known Chat software on an Android platform including MultiChat 15, MultiChat 24, and ChatPower 24. Due to its lightweight the device is very portable for ambulatory users and can also be mounted on wheelchair users. The device has a 10.1† display, and the 4GB RAM allows proper functioning of the Ivona speech synthesizer, switch scanning, and numerous other features that can assist the students in improving their spoken and written language. The device runs on a lightening fast Intel ® Coreâ„ ¢ i7  processor offering a consistent motor pattern for words as

Pregnant Adult Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pregnant Adult - Essay Example If it does, all is well; but if it does not, no other source of sustenance is available and the fetus will not thrive. The single most critical nutrition period in pregnancy occurs before a woman knows she is pregnant. Improper balance of proper nutrients can not only affect the mother and the child but the child’s child and so forth. Since so many negative critical results can occur; such as, for example, Spin Bifida, the US Congress passed a law that certain foods be fortified with critical nutrients; such as Folate, Vitamins B6 and B12, iron, magnesium, and all the other major and minor trace minerals that are involved in normal cell division and replication If a woman’s nutrient status isn’t what it should be at the time she becomes pregnant; and, as a result these very early fetus developments do not take place properly, there is no second chance. Since a pregnant woman is only allowed 300 more calories than a non-pregnant one, she Just writing about a pregnant adult does not give an age range; and that can be very important as there is certainly a vast difference between a 25 year old and a 40 year old pregnant adult. However, for better or for worse, child bearing seems to have shifted in large measure from the 20s to the 30s as more and more women are furthering their education, developing their careers and travelling before settling down to motherhood. As with younger mothers--to—be, all women of child bearing years should have an excellent nutrient status in case a pregnancy occurs. Eating a balanced diet, having an exercise program, having medical conditions controlled, not smoking or taking drugs, and drinking very little alcohol, if any, should be the norm. . It is difficult to say that everyone in a certain age group has similar economic and social problems. A 35-year-old pregnant adult may be more financially

Religion Or Mythology In Greek Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion Or Mythology In Greek Culture - Essay Example There are two main types of myths in Greek culture; the divine myths that deals with the gods, their origins as well as actions, and heroic myths that are based on human actions. From these myths, one can affirm that Greeks valued life. They also believed in living their life to the fullest since they disregarded death as part of life (Sailors 7). Greeks also value specific people in the society. This is evidenced by their carving of imperishable legends that did magnificent things while they were alive. In other words, they carved their legends as one way of pursuing fame. In connection with this, it is apparent that some of the Greek myths influenced the lifestyle of youths. The myths were models of human excellence, and as a result of this, Greek youths emulates them. Greeks greatly admire strength, beauty as well as intelligence. The value of these elements is evidenced by their myth that grants men the power of measuring all things. In tandem with this, it is the nature of the G reeks to have a man deciding on almost all things in life. In conclusion, religion and mythology play a significant role in the Greek society. Religion enabled Greeks to communicate their experiences despite being made up of different religious practices. Apart from acting as self-representation of the Greek community, Greek religion served as a unifying factor. Greek myths show that Greeks valued life as well as specific people in the society. The involvement of religion in everything done in Greece led to the unification of the Greek’s religious culture.

A Murder to Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Murder to Report - Essay Example He is short and stout but he is greatly feared for his accusing tongue and fierce looks. The play opens with the main cast of the movie series â€Å"A Murder to Report† namely, Karen Lam and James Hunter, seated on a couch at the center of the stage. The talk show host, Herman Fox on the other hand is seated on a fancy settee angled ninety degrees from the couch. The stage is set so that Lam, Hunter and Fox can easily adjust themselves to look at each other and look at the audience at the same time. Behind them is a big screen where cuts from the movie are being shown. The three people on the stage are facing the screen while the shots are being run. After the last picture, Lam, Hunter and Fox all turn toward the audience. Herman Fox: (Smiles at the audience and with an obviously well-practiced professional voice, he greets the audience) Good evening everyone! I am glad to present to you the stars of the new movie series entitled â€Å"A Murder to Report†. This is an interesting movie because it portrays the lives of reporters like me. Unfortunately, we do not have our main host tonight, Stanley Peters. For some reason, Peters cannot be contacted through his mobile phone. On the other hand, the male protagonist, Charlie Sterns was unable to make it as well. The two are known to be buddies so perhaps they have met each other somewhere instead of here (Fox smirks). Anyway, I hope their absence will not be too obvious after we give you a good talk show tonight. So, let us start with Karen Lam, the protagonist. How does it feel to play the main role considering that you are new in the industry? Karen Lam: Well, honestly, I am quite honored that I have been given the chance to have the main role of a good movie series. Obviously, I am also nervous about the whole thing because I do not know how the people will react to my character and acting. Fox: Oh, yes.

An analysis on the dyadic network relationship of BMW AG and Research Paper

An analysis on the dyadic network relationship of BMW AG and Brilliance Auto Ltd - Research Paper Example In August  2002  the Jinbei Automotive Company, a subsidiary of Brilliance China Auto, launched their first car; the ‘Zhonghua’ (China). 3.2 Network after 2003: The dyadic network of BMW and Brilliance in 2003 has made a big impact in the automobile industry. BMW launched its first car in 2003 and has made the 50,000th in 2007 and has now launching the new model in 2010 as the 10,000th car. After 2003, BNW and Brilliance has been mounting amazingly at high momentum, carrying out the highest manufacture within 2 years. It had observed, joined and occupied a part in the progress of Chinese automobile industry. They are prepared to hail a dazzling opportunities by this combined set-up and it has fruitfully included into the Chinese culture and dynamically thinking business shared tasks. This network has found its boundaries and kept an eye on the opponents. These has manufactured the quality products which gave the customer maximum satisfaction. It has set the target to develop into a superior business dweller. They have kept the horizons as learning, civilization, client commitment and business authority in the corporate world. These horizons clearly show the liability of BMW towards the Chinese humanity. These also prove the assurance and obligation to the long-standing improvements in China. There has been lot of risks in this network relationship. There always had a pressure to meet the client demands with the new automobiles over ever more smaller product growth phase and they have to reach the market to the further sectors with the pioneering new products as like Sedan which will decides the upcoming success. Also the risk comprises the capability of dyadic network to get sufficient funding as and when required at competitive rates and profitably expand, produce and trade the innovative products in China. A Concluding Analysis of the Evolution of the Dyadic Network BMW / Brilliance: BMW decided to enter into a joint venture with Shenyang Xin gYuanDong in the year 2003, XingYuanDong is a 100% subsidiary of Brilliance China Automotive Holdings Ltd. (Bermuda), a publicly listed Chinese car manufacturer founded in 1993. BMW enter into this joint venture to produce and locally service BMW branded cars as well as gaining wider network legitimacy within the Chinese market. â€Å"The  first  BMW  Brilliance  factory  was  built  in  2004.  It  is  running  at  full capacity  as  the  luxury  market  continues  to  boom† (Tianyang, 2011). BMW is increasing their sales growth in China at more than nine times the pace of the wider industry, defying the nation’s attempts to unclog its roads and discourage â€Å"lavish lifestyles†. Brilliance China is one of the leading automotive manufacturers in China through its subsidiaries, associated companies and joint ventures in PRC. The joint venture with BMW which was established in the year 2003 was to produce BMW 3-series and 5 series sedans in China. Brilliance auto has many strategic partners and alliances. They have established strategic and working relationships with global automotive manufacturers. In the production of minibuses their partner is Toyota, and in the case of automotive components their partners are Mitsubishi motors, FEV, TRW automotive, and Johnson Controls. Brilliance has a wide range of 15 subsidiaries in China and announced

Short answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Short answer - Assignment Example Persons living by this sect would always question everything as either virtuous or a vice. The most important life value would be love according to Shiva sect. King argues that religion and culture contribute a role of bringing into line ethical standards with certainties of contemporary world. According to King, religion and culture are distinct concepts but culture imparts religion. Orthopraxy pleases God more. A true believer trusts that God envisages moral behavior and not just moral thinking. Moreover, action is louder than belief and God observes the former more. Orthopraxy Christians would hence be closer to God. Jewish history discusses culture and religion of Jews. It also narrates their interaction with other religions and cultures such as relations between Israelites and Babylonians. On the contrary, sacred history narrates historical books and partly those of New Testament and does not relate, in meaning, to other religions. Comparison of Judaism to Christianity is most preferable. Both originates from biblical contest of historic books of the bible but Christianity focuses more on life after Christ contrary to Judaism which is based on Jewish

How to find answers within your company Case Study

How to find answers within your company - Case Study Example The higher end of this tail is composed of the expert contents and lower end of the tail is composed of peer-assisted contents. The company is required to subsidize content writers through an absolute or relative reward system. The segregation of contents based on their quality is essential for improving the quality of information provided by an internal knowledge market. The quality of content improves gradually when peer comments, criticize and reorganize contents on a question. Most of the companies award points on a specific scale for the improving the quality of contents. Respect of individual’s privacy plays a significant role in the success of an internal knowledge market. The platform should allow the knowledge seeker and provide to remain anonymous. This anonymity will protect the ego of knowledge seeker and will increase the freedom of providing answers to controversial contents. There internal knowledge market can cause accumulation of knowledge for personal gains if relative performances are use to decide about the awardees. Relative incentives are given to best performers only, this can discourages knowledge sharing because peers can save best trick for competitive advantage. This can be avoided by absolute rewards where there is no loser but peers can support each other to improve personal shortcomings. The concept of internal knowledge markets is quite new and the designs of internal markets are still evolving. Different companies are migrating from traditional hierarchical knowledge market to internal knowledge markets. In the first phase of market development various implementation of the market can be studied to develop a prototype of internal knowledge market. In the second phase companies needs to design policies that can encourage knowledge sharing. It must not only be vertical or a top down knowledge flow but horizontal

History of Typography Essay Example for Free

History of Typography Essay First of all, what is typography? Typography is the art of letter forms being organized into certain words or sentences. Typography came from the Greek word typos which means form and graphe which means writing. Most people would agree that a German man named Johannes Guttenberg was the one who invented typography. Before Guttenberg, everything had to be scribed by hand which was very time consuming. Guttenberg also created blackletter, the first ever typeface. Since blackletter looked very compact, a man named Nicolas Jensen invented the first ever Roman typeface during the 15th century. Since Jensen’s typeface was made of straight lines and regular curves, it was easier to be read compared to the blackletter typeface. After Roman letters, the italics typeface was created during the late 15th century by Aldus Manutius. During the 18th century, a man named William Caslon created a typeface called Old Style. A few decades later, John Baskerville created a variety of typeface which is now called Transitional. A few years later, a French man named Didot and an Italian man named Bodoni created typefaces that are classified as Modern. During the second industrial revolution, advertising needed new typefaces. Letters got taller, wider, and even weirder. Since the typefaces during the 19th century were so complex, the early 20th century brought something simple. A man named Paul Renner from Germany created a typeface called Futura which was based on simple geometric shapes. In 1957, Helvetica was introduced. Some would call this the world’s most favorite typeface. The world of typography changed with the introduction of the computer – and it will continue improving since technology is constantly improving too.

Impacts of Whakama and Implications on Hauora Outcome

Impacts of Whakama and Implications on Hauora Outcome Simran kaur brar 1.1 Choose any four of the following and briefly analyse what effect each one would have on the hauora of a MÄ ori client) Shame: Sometimes MÄ ori clients feel shame to explain personal problems and personal diseases with other person. They feel unsafe or shame to expose their body parts in the front of other person.They feel shy to discuss their problem with female doctor or health worker.The outcome of this problem is that if one doctor or nurse take care to the MÄ ori client by this client trust on him or her and they discuss their problem openly. Self doubt: Some clinet have self doubt about somethings so they took wrong way.When the client have self doubt about somethings they dropped their confidence level and it put bad effect on client,s health because they do not explain their problem properly so that’s why doctor or nurse cannot treat the client properly .The outcome of this is that if the doctor or nurse treat,communicate and take care in good way by this client put trust on them. Feeling inferior: Some client feel inferior to discuss our problems with others and they feel agitate while exposed their body parts in the front of doctor and health worker and they feel uncomfortable when they explain their problem with doctor and health worker.If doctor,health worker and client have a good understanding between them client cannot feel inferior. Feeling misunderstood: Some MÄ ori client feeling misunderstood regarding culture when their body. Sometime health worker change the client,s pad but not ask him in that situation client feel misunderstood so if health worker communicate with the client before doing their work it is beneficial for client. 1.2 Select any 4 and analyse the impact of each one within a hauora context. One to one consultation with a health worker: If client discuss their sexualy problem with same gender they not feel shy this is very benefical for him because they like privesy and they explain their problem openly. Docter and health worker treat him with right way so it helpful for him. One to one consultation with a health worker of a different gender: Client feel hesitate when he discuss their problem with different gender .They cannot explain their problem properly and caregiver also cannot explain their problem to the male doctor .So doctor cannot give the treatment to the client properly and it is not good for client,s health. Consumer survey: It is not a affective way because MÄ ori client do not response to survey.Doctor cannot give treatment to the client in proper way by this problem cannot be solve and it is not good for client health.So face to face approach is more beneficial Group consultation with a health worker of a different gender: It may be inappropriate and it is very hard for client because they feel uncomfortable to discuss their problem in the front of other so it put negative empact on client. 1.3 Identify and analyse 2 adverse socio cultural and 2 socio economic factors which could cause whakama and affect hauora outcomes for  MÄ ori Adverse socio cultural factor one Lack of identity: MÄ ori are affected by lack of identity becauce of cultural and economic factors. Lack of connection, generational impact. These issues put big impacts on MÄ ori health. So if care giver have a knowlage about culture,language by this way they can easly understand the client Poor education achievement: if care giver have a knowledge about language and cultura by this they can understand the problem of client because if they have no knowledge they can not understand client problem. Adverse socio economic factor Education: The MÄ ori people economic factor is not good. Mosty MÄ ori peoples have not peoperly skilled and they do not paid.More MÄ ori are not doing work government take them all the skilles .They are very important part of newzealand economy because this is a land of MÄ ori. Employment: Mostly MÄ ori people not doing work and they face many difficulties due to lack of education.They face health and income problem. 2.1(a) Negative impacts of whakama on hauora Isolation and feeling unsafe while in hospital setting: Sometime MÄ ori client feel shy and uncomfortable with other.They cannot discuss their problem confidently because they feel shame by this problem doctor cannot take him proper treatment and it puts bad effect on his health. Feelings of whakama if using rongoa: some MÄ ori clients feel inferior to discuss our problem with others.They feel agitate in the front of doctor and health worker when exposed their body parts and they feel inferior when explain their peoblem in front of doctor. Literacy: It can also put effect on MÄ ori client. If MÄ ori client can less literate that can be put effect on their health  and our income. 2.1(b) Positive impacts of whakama on hauora Tikanga best practice guidelines: If care giver give respect to the client and sharing all resources by this client share all the problem with care giver .Good repport is Literacy: Literacy is also the effect on hauora.Do good arrangement of education for MÄ ori client because education improve the literacy and economic condition.By education MÄ ori safe their culture. Code of rights: Treat the client with respect,treat with care and receive the right servicesand explain all the condition to the client and listened the client carefully in this way client put trust on the care giver and share all the problem openly this is very good for his health. 1.1(b) Relationship grouping Interconnections First principles Key concepts Kohungahunga- Maatua Matua Tamariki Matua: -parent Kohungahunga: -children They take care of them ,educate them and help them They fulfill the all that basic needs of them. They guide him in all the important decision making in life. Whanua-relationship between parent and child Whanau- Its main responsibility of the maatua to take care of kohungahunga and provide him a safe and caring environment Whenua- Maatua ensures that child is getting safe land to grow up. Tinana- matua always remember to take care of child’s body movement caring his body. Hinengaro – all the feelings and the thoughts of the child is highly appreciated by maatua Whakapapa-matua and kohungahunga has a strong relationship and he is deeply attached with the matua. Whanaungatanga-matua provide him all that things needed to be survive. Kaitiakitanga – they all make him feel his is in safe hands and they will always take care of them. Rangatahi Pakeke Kaumatua Rangatahi: -youth Pakeke: -adult Kaumatua: -elder, These relations are generational They provide guidance They give knowledge about their culture and religious beliefs Wairau They build relationships Teach MÄ ori language. Hinengaro They provider leadership they become role models, provide guidance. Whakapapa The traditional knowledge is nurtured and is not lost Whanauntanga Strengthens the relationship, language cultural belongings and mentor. Pakeke Kaumatua Pakeke: -adult Kaumatua: -elder They are intergeneratio-nal The kaumatua are the role models They pass down about the marae,iwi and hapu by oral history story or by singing wayata Wairua They build relationships Teach MÄ ori language. Hinengaro They provide leadership they become role models, provide guidance. Kaitiakitanga Exercise mana of hapu and iwi through kawanatanga Provide guardianship. Tuakana Teina Tuakana: -Elder siblings Teina- Younger siblings They are in the same family and they respect each other. They may be the role models for others. Includingly they also provide knowledge and guidance Hinengaro Looks at the role of older and younger. The siblings. Whanauntanga They guide each other. Tane Wahine Tane: -man Wahine: -woman The men have leadership quality in them and they command the family The women has the role of kahikaronga They both look after each other Whenua They teach to respect the culture. Wairau They meet at marae build relationships and both are role models. Whanaungatanga Relationship with Marae they play their roles and responsibility. Tikanga Follow the protocols Hapu Iwi Hapu: -sub-tribes Iwi: -tribes They are intergenerational. Mana they share cultures, teach from elders to the youngest Tane is the leader Whanua They support the families. They have nuclear and extended families, Whenua They provide knowledge on how to look after the land and how to protect it. Whakapapa They have connections. Pass on cultural identity Whanaungatanga Strengths the relationship Whakapapa extends the whanua members. Kohungahunga Wahine Matua Kohungahunga: -infant, Wahine: -mother Matua: -parent There is very close relation between the mother and the infant, mother feeds the baby through umbilical cord, looks after the baby, nurtures the needs and wants. Fulfill all the neccesities Protect the baby from any kind of danger. Whanua The relations between mother and father before pregnancy and after. Tinana Mother looks for the basic necessity of infant. Whanaugatanga Extends the whanau. Strengthens the relationships substances like feeding teaching, language and customs. Kaitiakitanga They provide guardianships Looks after the child and teach them knowledge. 1.2 First principles Key concepts Development Maintenance Continuity Whenua They teach to respect the culture. Wairua They meet at marae build relatioships and both being role models. Whanaungatanga-Relationship with marae they play their roles and responsibility. Kaitiakitanga follow the protocols Teaching on how to protect the land The knowledge the gain about the culture identity know how to look after the land making your self confidence in learning about the culture maintaining the identity Through building relationsh-ips learning more about MÄ ori language Wairua They build relationships Teach MÄ ori language. Hinengaro They provider leadership they become role models, provide guidance. Kaitiakitanga Excise mana of hapu and iwi through kawanatanga Provide guardianship Introducing cultural identity from the very basic spiritual down into the deeper information Being role models. Hui-gathering for funerals Learning karakia and its importance(prayers) Setting examples to the youths By learning and practicing mihi-mihi. Whakataki Continuing good examples and aspects for others to lean about. Whauna The relations between mother and father before pregnancy and after. Tinana Mother looks for the basic necessity Whanaugatanga-extends the whanau. Strengthens the relationships substances like feeding teaching, language and customs . Kaitiakitanga They provide guardianships Looks after the child and teach them knowledge Whanaugatnaga linked through relationships. Procreation Proper diet of the child Exercise Participating in the stuff the child will learn. Maintaining personal hygiene for the child. The growth and support to the child given by the parents Keeping the child away from harmful substance. Whanua Teach about the marae/hapu/iwi Provide security Support them in times of need. Whakapapa The traditional knowledge is nurtured and is not lost Whanauntanga-strengthens the relationship, language cultural belongings and mentor. Learning the traditional knowledge. Strengthening the relationship Meeting up in marae. Making them do things that they can learn about Usual gathering with families and friends. Supporting them Hinengaro Looks at the role of the older and younger siblings. Whanauntanga They guide each other. Provide leadership Providing guidance Leading the friendship or family, being a role model for them Showing them the correct path Living accordance to moral and value. Continued to educate others Maintaining positive attitude

English Lamott :: essays research papers

Paper #2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lamott’s statement about acceptance provides the writers with an understanding of being able to acknowledge who they are in the inside, as well an understanding how society views them on the outside. The experiences of Walker, Grealy, and Daum all relate strongly to Lamotts statement about surrendering to one’s situation. Walker, Grealy, and Daum all encountered uncomfortable situations, which in the end, all had to learn to live with and overcome their insecurities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker grew up as ordinary as any other child would; she was pretty little girl who enjoyed life to the fullest until the â€Å"accident†. â€Å"It was great being cute. But then, one day, it ended† (43). Alice was playing outside when all of a sudden she was shot in her eye from her brothers BB gun. It was an accident, but â€Å"Where the BB pellet struck there is a glob of whitish scar tissue, a hideous cataract, on my eye†¦now when I stare at people-they will stare back. Not at the â€Å"cute† little girl, but at her scar† (43). The accident made Alice conceal herself from the world and view it differently; it was as if she became introverted from society. She could no longer be outgoing and be who she thought she once was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice was undergoing a change within her, but on the outside everyone said she did not change, the only thing that was different was her eye. After several years of her â€Å"glob† that was implanted in her eye she decide to see a doctor to have it removed. After the operation she felt more confident, but not anywhere to the best of her capabilities. She was interviewed and asked for a photo shoot for her book, but Alice thought about not taking the picture. She thought she would be criticized if she were not pictured in her book. â€Å"My meanest critics will say I’ve sold out† (46).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After many years of being afraid to show her face in public and interact with people, Alice finally had one dramatic day that turned the rest of her life upward and made her realize that her eye isn’t all that bad. Her daughter says, â€Å"Mommy there’s a world in your eye†(48). This comment made Alice feel astounded and she was basically able to overcome her uncomfortable situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lucy Grealy’s story also supports Lammot’s statement. Lucy was a young girl who had cancer in her jaw and had to receive Chemotherapy.

War on Drugs is a Dismal Failure Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive To

     Ã‚  Ã‚  With a bipartisan vote of 263-146, the House recently approved a bill that included $1.7 billion to combat the drug cartels of Columbia with additional military aid.   In doing so, they perpetuated what could be one of the United States' most misguided policies of recent history. At least some Republicans can give themselves a pat on the back for attempting to remove the Columbian aid from the $13 billion foreign aid bill.   Unfortunately, today's drug war is largely a Reagan-era Republican creation, so intoxicating that even the vast majority of liberals mindlessly defend it.   Regardless, both parties now overwhelmingly champion the war on drugs, leaving its opponents a mix of unlikely allies, from Nobel Laureate and economist Milton Friedman and conservative writer William F. Buckley Jr., to pothead hippies and the ACLU.    Begun by the Nixon administration, the initial goal of the drug war was interdiction oriented, as financial support was given to Latin American leaders that pledged to fight drug manufacturing.   The Reagan years witnessed a drastic escalation of the war, as so-called drug "czars" were appointed to deal with the problem firmly.   Though Clinton indicated in early 1992 that he would be willing to consider other solutions to the drug problem, once elected he simply continued the policy of previous Republican administrations.   The result: in the '90s over $30 billion was spent each year at the local and federal level to fight the war on drugs.1  Ã‚   Street crime and corruption has grown out of control, and prisons are so far over capacity that the majority of drug arrests go unprosecuted.   Civil liberties have been jeopardized, treatment programs are under funded, and drug use has been increasing. ... ...Works Cited   1 Drugs and Crime Facts 1994: Washington DC Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1995.   2 Eldregde, Dirk, Ending the War on Drugs; Bridge Works Publishing, New York, 1998.   (All other uncited statistics are also from this source)   3 1999 Statistical Abstract of the United States-table 152.   4 Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, excerpted from: US Department of Justice "Report to Congress on the Activities and Operations of the Public Integrity Section"   5 Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB, "The war on drugs - a peace proposal" The New England Journal of Medicine, February 3, 1994, Vol. 330, No. 5   6 US Department of Justice: Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System, 1992   7 Blendon, ScD, and John T. Young, MPhil, "The Public and the War on Illicit Drugs," Journal of the American Medical Association, March 18, 1998, vol. 279, no. 11, p. 827   

Soliloquies Essay - Claudius Soliloquy in Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Claudius' Soliloquy in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Claudius' soliloquy about his remorse over his murder of Hamlet's father is important to the play because it's the one place where we learn how Claudius feels about what he has done. The rest of the play is all about how Hamlet feels about what Claudius has done, and I think it rounds out the play to get it from a different perspective. From the soliloquy I can see that Claudius feels sorry for the murder, but not sorry enough. He says, "Oh, my offense is rank, it smells to heaven." He wants to pray for forgiveness of his offense, but laments, "Pray can I not," because "I am still possessed of those effects for which I did the murder - My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen." He murdered Hamlet's father in order to get those things and he is not willing to give them up. He realizes that true repentance would be willing to give then up, and therefore, he is not really repentant. This is why at the end of his prayer, he says "Words without thoughts never to heaven go." There's no point in saying he is sorry because God knows he doesn't really mean it. So, the best he can do is pray that God will make him sorry, by pleading, "Heart with strings of steel, be as soft as the sinews of a new-born babe." All of this shows that Claudius is introspective and honest with himself. It also does contradictory things to my opinion of him. Depending on how I look at it, this prayer can make me feel sympathetic towards Claudius as I learn about the inner torture he is going through and how awful he feels about killing Hamlet's father. On the other hand, it also makes me more angry with him because I realize he fully understood how terrible what he did was, but he chose to do it anyway, and now he knows he should repent, but refuses to. As terrible as his guilty feelings are, they obviously aren't bad enough to make him change. Claudius still holds out some hope for himself, though, saying "All may be well." But he shows there really isn't much hope left, when, a few acts later, he plans Hamlet's murder to preserve the same things he killed Hamlet's father to get.

The Long-Suffering and Self-Pitying Odysseus Essay

What would it take to do Odysseus. the celebrated warrior and the pride of all Greece. call uncontrollably? Surely. he must be put through some kind of utmost physical hurting that no other person could last or possibly he is even forced to watch the awful slaughtering of his companions. But more frequently than non. it is merely mere words and memories. driven on by self-pity. non atrociousnesss committed against his crew. that make Odysseus call. Alternatively of moving as a compassionate leader who grieves for his lost friends. Odysseus calls to indulge his ain sense of sorrow at his jobs. and uses this to derive attending from others. By analyzing Odysseus’ eruptions of heartache. it becomes obvious that his selfishness and pride are at the very bosom of the obstructions he has faced on his journey place. Odysseus calls to fulfill his feelings of solitariness and desperation at being so hated by the Gods. When we foremost encounter Odysseus. he is sitting entirely on Calypso’s island. â€Å"weeping. his eyes ne'er dry. his sweet life fluxing off / with the cryings he wept for his defeated journey home† ( 5. 168-169 ) . At this point. Odysseus has been a captive on Calypso’s island for seven old ages. and has an intelligibly forlorn mentality sing his journey place. However. Odysseus spends every dark on the island moving as a lover to the beautiful goddess. whom he even admits is far more lovely and alluring than the married woman he yearns to return to. Though he pines for Penelope. his Acts of the Apostless of changeless unfaithfulness show that his guilt is non plagued by his actions. He is described as being an â€Å"unwilling lover† ( 5. 172 ) . but there is no grounds to propose that Odysseus feels he is perpetrating a offense against his married woman. Alternatively. Odysseus is described as being â€Å"no longer pleased† ( 5. 170 ) by Calypso. which suggests that at one point Odysseus may hold been really satisfied with his state of affairs. until he became homesick once more. It is an admirable trait that Odysseus so longs to travel place. but his self- commiseration twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out is anything but admirable. He seems to be holding his bar and eating it excessively. After seven old ages. he is still wallowing in unhappiness. unable to see that his destiny of being alive and good ( and seduced every night ) is still a much more favourable result than what his crew encountered. His selfishness merely lets him see â€Å"how long I have suffered! † ( 7. 181 ) . Odysseus besides uses his cryings to pull strings others into sympathising with him. When Odysseus eventually gets off Calypso’s island. he is beset by still more jobs. He finally finds shelter with Alcinous. the male monarch of Phaeacia. As is the usage. he is the receiver of great cordial reception and is made to experience at place. even though his hosts have no thought who he is. However. one dark after banqueting. the bard Demodocus sings about the struggle between Odysseus and Achilles during the Trojan War. At this point. Odysseus becomes so overwrought and overcome with emotion that he â€Å"hid his face and wept† ( 8. 109 ) . The text besides says that he is â€Å"ashamed his hosts might see him casting tears† ( 8. 103 ) . but why is he shouting in the first topographic point? The bard is non even singing about all that Odysseus has suffered. and is merely mentioning to his statement with Achilles. which was a prophesied triumph mark. It is really possible that Odysseus is shouting because he wants to be found out. These people evidently adore the Odysseus they know through narratives. so wouldn’t they worship the flesh and blood version if they were of all time to run into him? Alternatively of merely stating. â€Å"I am Odysseus† . he alternatively waits. calls a 2nd clip until his heartache is publically noticed. leting people to experience regretful for him and inquire what would do him so much hurting. This gives Odysseus the perfect chance to state the atrocious narrative of his trip place. which he does. full of the problems that could hold been avoided had Odysseus restrained his pride and selfishness. The shame that Odysseus might experience at openly shouting in forepart of aliens is outweighed by the satisfaction he gets out of stating his narrative. because wretchedness does so love company. Odysseus’s pride besides prevents him from demoing regard towards his work forces. by non minding their advice and by non decently mourning their ill-timed deceases. At Alcinous’ tribunal. Odysseus recounts his experience with the Cyclops. The whole problem with this one eyed monster begins when Odysseus decides to linger in the Cyclops’s cave after eating his nutrient. to see â€Å"what gifts he would give† ( 9. 258 ) . Alternatively of welcoming the Achaeans. the monster decides to eat the work forces who had impolitely eaten his nutrient. In sudden daze and horror. Odysseus and his work forces â€Å"wept and cried aloud† ( 9. 331 ) . Finally. through a clever program by Odysseus. he and his work forces escape. but about decease once more because of his pride. Teasing back to the Cyclops. Odysseus reveals who he is. which allows the monster to about fall in their ships. and besides to publish a ailment to Poseidon that he should non allow Odysseus return place. Poseidon hears this. and as a consequence. Odysseus and his crew are from so on beset by job after job. Had Odysseus listened to his crew who begged him to go forth the cave before the Cyclops returned and besides to non boast his individuality to the monster. the work forces would hold made it safely place. Even after witnessing the cannibalism of some of his crew. Odysseus is merely â€Å"glad to get away our decease / yet sick at bosom for the companions we had lost† ( 9. 630 ) . He does non look to be excessively devastated by everything that has merely happened to him. expletive and all. Possibly it is because he is surrounded by others who portion the same destiny. and aren’t as willing to be every bit sympathetic as a group of aliens hearing the narrative from a legendary hero would be. Odysseus besides tells the narrative of the Laestrygonians. who eat a high figure of Odysseus’ crew. Once once more. Odysseus is â€Å"sick at heart† ( 10. 147 ) . but feels small else for his dead friends and does non cry at all for their memory. When his crew begins to mourn for those lost. Odysseus about seems fed up and says â€Å"They explosion into calls. howling. streaming unrecorded cryings / that gained us nil – what good can come of heartache? † ( 10. 221 ) . At this point it becomes really obvious that Odysseus merely deems it necessary to shout. when he is the one being wept for. He has no job shouting in forepart of aliens who are unwittingly praising him. he sees nil incorrect with shouting mundane for seven old ages because he is marooned with a beautiful goddess. yet there is something uneconomical about crying for work forces who were viciously killed and eaten. all because he felt the demand to state the Cyclops that he. the great Odysseu s. was the 1 who blinded him. While pride may hold been the ruin of Odysseus. without it he would ne'er hold reached the position of a hero. His pride and desire for glorification were a major drive force behind all his great schemes and war attempts. Without his strong self-esteem. Odysseus would hold alternatively been merely another expendable member of his crew. Yes. the selfishness of the crew is besides evident when they open the bag of air currents and blow the ship off class. but actions like these are to be expected from work forces who are of such low importance in the heroic poem that they are non even named. But from Odysseus. the reader should demand a higher degree of criterions. and expect him to move responsible for the work forces whose lives are entrusted into his attention. When Odysseus does non shout after his work forces are slaughtered and alternatively goes on with his work. it appears that he is merely moving as a strong leader. But when you consider other minutes when he is really weak a nd does shout openly. it is apparent to see that he merely weeps for those deserving crying for. And to Odysseus. the lone one worth casting a tear for is himself. Thesis: Alternatively of moving as a compassionate leader who grieves for his lost friends. Odysseus calls to indulge his ain sense of sorrow at his jobs. and uses this to derive attending from others. By analyzing Odysseus’ eruptions of heartache. it becomes obvious that his selfishness and pride are at the very bosom of the obstructions he has faced on his journey place. Subordinate Ideas: 1. Cries out of ego commiseration and solitariness 2. Cries to pull strings others 3. Does non esteem shipmates a. Does non listen to their advice and suffers the effects B. Does non decently mourn them when they die partially because of his actions 4. Pride and selfishness allow Odysseus to go a hero

Capital budgeting Essay

A – Capital budgeting is an analysis of potential additions to fixed assets, it is part of the long term decisions taken by the top management and involve large expenditures. The capital budgeting is very important to firm’s future. The difference between capital budgeting and individual’s investment decisions are in the estimation of cash flows, risk, and determination of the appropriate discount. B – The difference between interdependent and mutually exclusive projects is that the independent project’s cash flows are not affected by the acceptance of the other, although the mutually exclusive can be adversely impacted by the acceptance of the other. the difference between normal and no normal cash flow stream projects occurs in the signs since for the normal cash flows if the cost ( negative CF) followed by a series of positive cash flows will lead to one change of sign. On the other hand the non-normal project cash flows have two or more changes of sign C – 1 NPV: is the sum of all cash inflows and outflows of a project C – 2 – The rationale behind the NPV method is that it is equal to PV of inflows minus the cost which is the net gain in wealth. If the projects are mutually exclusive we will choose the project with the highest NPV and here in our case we will choose project S since it has a greater NPV compared to project S (19.98>18.79). If the projects are independent we will choose both. C – 3 The NPV will change if the WACC change; if the WACC increases the NPV will decrease on the other hand if the WACC decreases the NPV will increase. D – 1 Internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that forces PV inflows equal to cost, and the NPV = 0. IRR using excel for project L: IRR 18.13% For project S: IRR 23.6% D – 2 A project IRR is the same as a bond’s YTM. The YTM on the bond would be  the IRR of the â€Å"bond† project. D – 3 If IRR > WACC, the project’s return exceeds its costs and there is some return left over to boost stockholders returns. If IRR > WACC, the project is accepted and if IRR < WACC, the project is reject. If projects are independent, we accept both of them, as both IRR > WACC. If projects are mutually exclusive, we accept the one with the highest IRR. D – 4 IRR do not depend on the WACC, so if the WACC changes, the IRR for both projects will remain the same. E – 1 Excel=NPV(rate,CF1:CFn) + CF 0 WACC NPV L NPV S 0% $50.00 $40.00 5% $33.05 $29.29 10% $18.78 $19.98 15% $6.67 $11.83 20% ($3.70) $4.63 Cross over rate is equal to 8.7%. CF Differences 0 -60 10 60 IRR = 8.7% E – 2 For independent projects, both IRR and NPV will lead to the same decision. If projects are mutually exclusive, there is a conflict between the IRR and the NPV. Since we said that NPV is the best method to use in case of conflict, project L will be selected based on this method. F – 1 The slope of the NPV profile depends entirely on the timing of the cash flows; long-term projects have excessive NPV profiles than short-term projects. We conclude that NPV profiles can cross in two situations, first when mutually exclusive projects differ in size: the smaller project frees up funds at t = 0 for investment. The higher the opportunity cost, the more valuable these funds, so a high WACC favors small projects, and second when the projects cash flows differ in terms of the timing pattern of their cash flows: the project with faster payback provides more CF in early years for reinvestment. If WACC is high, early CF especially good, NPVs > NPV L (projects studied in class). F – 2 The reinvestment rate assumptions: -NPV method assumes Cfs are reinvested at the WACC. -IRR method assumes CFs are reinvested at the IRR. -Assuming Cfs are reinvested at the opportunity cost of capital is more realistic, so NPV method is the best. NPV method should be used to choose between mutually exclusive projects. -Perhaps a hybrid of the IRR that assumes cost of capital reinvestment is needed. F – 3 Some projects will result in different IRR and NPV. The NPV will be selected to decide if the project is going to be accepted or not. We do not use the IRR first because it does not take into account changing discount rates, so it is j not adequate for longer-term projects with discount rates that are will probably vary. Second, the IRR ineffective is a project with a non-normal cash flow streams (mixture of positive and negative cash flows). G – 1 MIRR assumes reinvestment at the opportunity cost =WACC. MIRR also avoids the multiple IRR problem. G – 2 MIRR does not always lead to the same decision as NPV when mutually exclusive projects are being considered. In particular, small projects often have a higher MIRR, but a lower NPV, than larger projects. Thus, MIRR is not a perfect substitute for NPV, and NPV remains the single best decision rule. H – 1 Payback period is the number of years required to recover a project’s cost, or â€Å"how long does it take to get our money back?† H – 2 The payback period tells us when the project will break even in a cash flow sense. With a required payback of 2 years, Project S is acceptable, but Project L is not. Whether the two projects are independent or mutually exclusive makes no difference in this case. H – 3 Discounted payback is similar to payback except that discounted rather than raw cash flows are used. H – 4 Discounted payback still fails to consider cash flows after the payback period and it gives us no specific decision rule for acceptance. However, payback is not generally used as the primary decision tool. Rather, it is used as a rough measure of a project’s liquidity and riskiness. I – 1 2 3 CF -800000 5000000 -5000000 WACC 0,1 To find NPV we used excel: Excel: =NPV(rate,CF1:CFn)+CFO NPV (386 776,86 DT) Excel: =IRR(CF0:CFn,Rate) IRR 25% Excel: =MIRR(CF0:CFN,Rate) MIRR 5,6% 7

Technology In Private Healthcare Sector Health And Social Care Essay

There has been increasing usage of Health Information Technology ( HIT ) into governmental and private wellness attention sector. The authorities has already spent plenty on federally regulated wellness industries for implementing HIT, and achieved favourable results. The private health care organisations like place health care, group place, grownup Foster attention, private patterns, and rehabilitation centres are the targeted centres for implementing HIT to better the quality of attention, lessening wellness costs and diminish medical mistakes. The execution of HIT has many possible positive effects, but it besides has few negative effects that have to be resolve in close hereafter. The demand of implementing HIT is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours because of deceitful activities may endanger state ‘s wellness. This research survey concludes that execution of HIT has possible to better state ‘s wellness attention services. Section I: Definition OF THE PROBLEMBackgroundThe wellness attention system of United States began as a chiefly voluntary or generous system where patients paid small to no money for wellness attention services. Since its initial phases, this system has undergone some major alterations ( Thomas-Brogan, 2009 ) . Health attention has now evolved into a concern organic structure that requires considered planning, fiscal direction, equipped controls, and efficient fortes to keep its feasibleness in both governmental and private wellness sectors. Harmonizing to Thomas-Brogan ( 2009 ) , â€Å" the wellness attention industry is one of the largest industries in United States, using over 13 million workers with the jutting addition of over 3 million new occupations by the twelvemonth 2014 † . The mean life expectancy for U.S. citizen is 77.9 old ages of age, harmonizing to the National Center for Health Statistics. As the mean life anticipation bound additions, the aged citizens, whic h is the largest group of wellness attention consumers, will besides turn wellness attention industries ( Thomas-Brogan, 2009 ) . Due to current progresss in engineering and emerging jobs associated with efficiency and quality of wellness attention services, there are some chances to better quality life for underserved United States citizens through execution of information engineerings ( Moiduddin & A ; Moore, 2008 ) . The attending is being targeted towards the potency of Health Information Technology ( HIT ) in private health care industries to diminish wellness attention costs and to better quality, safety and efficiency of wellness attention services in United States of America ( kaiserEDU, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Miller ( 2005 ) , in 1999 the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) surprised the American population with its estimation that between 40,000 to 90,000 lives were lost due to medical mistakes. While the IOM established a balanced facet of the root causes, many wellness attention organisations seized a solution to better quality attention of the patient: Computerized Supplier Order Entry ( CPOE ) . The effectual drivers of investing in HIT contain the promise of quality and efficiency additions. Key privateness moralss for screening personal information have been in continuance for old ages and supply a charity for privateness Torahs, patterns, and policies ( Koontz & A ; Powner, 2007 ) . In 1996, the execution and ordinance of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) define the conditions under which an person ‘s privy wellness information may be used or disclosed. In April 2004, under the supervising of President Bush an executive order has been issued for the development and execution of interoperable HIT in both the populace and private sectors to better the effectivity of wellness attention services in United States, and developing the office of the National Coordinator for HIT ( ONC ) ( Koontz & A ; Powner, 2007 ) . The barriers of execution of Information Technology ( IT ) include the beginning cost and complex construction of IT execution, which often requires important procedures and cultural alterations ( Medpac, 2004 ) . Certain features of wellness attention like payment policies and fragmented bringing system can besides present barrier for IT acceptance. Over cumbrous informations and deficiency of convenience of doctor besides considered as barriers for implementing IT system in wellness attention. Security and privateness issues for patient information besides can play function as barriers in wellness information engineering.Statement of the jobThere is grounds to propose that Health Information Technology has potential to better the quality of attention in state ‘s wellness attention services.Purpose of the surveyThe intent of this survey is to heighten readers ‘ consciousness about benefits available sing Health Information Technology in private wellness attention sector which could better state ‘s wellness and wealth.Research QuestionsThe undermentioned research inquiries created the solid foundation for this research. The inquiry stated will assist to place how to utilize the information engineering in wellness attention system, what are the chief concentrated countries for the execution of HIT, and the negative and positive effects of HIT. Does wellness information engineering have capableness to better the quality attention, cut down medical mistakes and wellness attention costs? What are the positive and negative effects of implementing wellness information engineering in private wellness attention sector?Definition of footingsElectronic Health Record ( EHR ) : â€Å" The Electronic Health record ( EHR ) is a longitudinal electronic record of patient wellness information generated by one or more brushs in any attention bringing scene † ( himms.org, 2010 ) . These electronic wellness records include patients ‘ demographics, advancement sheets, diagnosing and medicine lists, research lab consequences and radiology studies. These wellness records streamline the doctor ‘s work procedure. Underserved U.S. citizens: Underserved U.S. citizens mean those citizens populating in U.S. still non having proper wellness attention services. The major features of this type of population are hapless ; uninsured ; have limited English linguistic communication proficiency ; lack acquaintance or complexness with wellness attention system ; and those who live in rural countries ( Koontz & A ; Powner, 2007 ) . E-Prescription: E-Prescription is â€Å" a prescriber ‘s ability to electronically direct an accurate, error-free and apprehensible prescription straight to a pharmaceutics from the point-of-care † ( CMS, 2010 ) . In 2003, the constitution of electronic prescribing in the Medicare Modernization Act ( MMA ) was the first measure, and in July 2006 the Institute of Medicine developed the function of e-prescribing in diminishing medical mistakes, and helped to heighten the apprehension of e-prescribing in patient safety. Computerized Physician Order Entry ( CPOE ) : CPOE is defined as a computing machine system that permits direct credence of medical orders by the professional who has licence and civil autonomies to make so. The benefit of direct come ining orders in COPE system is reduced mistakes by disregarding the uncertainness of hand-written medical orders ( CPOE, 2009 ) . Clinical Decision Support ( CDS ) : Cadmium is a information system premeditated to better clinical determination doing sing patients ‘ diagnostic and curative advancement of attention ( Koontz & A ; Powner, 2007 ) . Centers for Medicare & A ; Medicaid ( CMS ) : CMS is a federal bureau of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, antecedently known as Health Care Financing Administration ( HCFA ) which governs Medicare Programs, Medicaid Programs, State Children ‘s Programs ( SCHIP ) , and other wellness portability plans. The Medicare and Medicaid were established through Social Security Act on July 30, 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson ( CMS, 2010 ) .RestrictionsDue to the six hebdomads clip restraint, it would be deficient to carry on more primary and secondary research on current proviso of wellness information engineering in wellness attention installations. Therefore, the figure of research will be limited due to the short clip period. Section II: Reappraisal OF LITERATUREIntroductionInformation Technology includes informations direction, networking, technology computing machine hardware, package design, database design and direction and disposal of systems. Information Technology uses electronic computing machine package which allows converting, hive awaying, protecting, processing, conveying and recovering the information in a unafraid manner. Information Technology allows sharing calculating power and split work load between different systems ( Hill, 2010 ) . Health Information Technology ( HIT ) is the wide model to depict the comprehensive direction of wellness information with the secure transmittal between wellness information consumer and wellness attention supplier. The wellness information engineering can be identified as the most promising tool to better the overall quality, safety every bit good as efficiency of the wellness bringing and receiving system ( NACCHO, 2010 ) . The wellness attention system of United States of America consists of governmental wellness organisations and private wellness organisations. Implementation of Health Information Technology has been playing function since 1990s, but Congress could non accomplish success in implementing HIT in private sectors of wellness industries such as, place wellness attention, nursing places, grownup Foster attention, group places, place doctor services, pressing attention, rehabilitation plans, skilled nursing installations, etc. The wellness attention services in these countries count about 40 % of entire wellness attention outgo by wellness insurance companies. Even though available benefits by federal, many wellness organisations are non ready to utilize advanced wellness information engineering to better quality services. The health care section of United States of America is puting over $ 1.7 trillion yearly in wellness attention services ; still the citizens are inundated with pathetic quality and inefficient services ( RAND Health, 2005 ) . The Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) , the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics ( NCVHS ) , and other proficient panels have recognized information engineering as one of the most dominating cogwheels for cut downing medical mistakes, diminishing wellness attention costs, and educating the quality of wellness attention services. The end for these systems is to work impeccably as an component of a National Health Information Infrastructure ( NHII ) , which could ease wellness attention suppliers anyplace in the state to entree patient information at the point of attention ( Redhead, 2005 ) . In early 1987, a particular study was published on infirmary information system at the Veterans Administration sing its efficiency. That early attempt was the gradual oncoming of wellness information sciences, but absence of advanced engineerings ceased down the early success. But strong attempts by the authoritiess and fiscal bond outs helped Health Information Technology to deep their roots into the land. The lone drawback of implementing wellness information engineering in little wellness industries and organisations is an expensive initial apparatus of engineering ( RAND Health, 2005 ) . Most of the wellness attention suppliers need advanced information technological system to organize a patient ‘s attention with other wellness attention suppliers. This system transfers required wellness records, size up conformity with bar and disease direction rules, and buttocks and percolate up public presentations ( RAND Health, 2005 ) . Each province in United States has its ain health care squad to implement Health Information Technology into their wellness attention system. Michigan is the great illustration which has good developed health care squad called the Michigan Health Information Network ( MiHIN ) ( MiHIN, 2010 ) . The MiHIN is initiated by State of Michigan to concentrate in betterment of quality wellness attention services, efficiency, and safety of the patients. The MiHIN is a joint venture by the Michigan Department of Community Health ( MDCH ) and the Michigan Department of Information Technology ( MDIT ) . The MiHIN is seting indispensable attempt in wellness attention suppliers to utilize electronic wellness records in a important manner that permits patient ‘s medical records to be available as it needed ( MiHIN, 2010 ) .Why Healthcare System of United States Needs HITThe wellness attention system of United States becomes more and more expensive, and the entire outgo by the wellness attentio n section is about $ 1.9 trillion or $ 6,500 per capita each twelvemonth. The relationship between the growing of wellness attention disbursement and current economic system is per se compound and multidimensional. The addition in wellness attention outgo can be considered as a weight on immense economic growing and as a driving force of local prosperity. At a local degree, the growing in wellness attention disbursement is viewed as good portion, because its creates more occupations in wellness attention sector, increases wage criterions, expands local grosss, and increases usage of wellness related goods and services ( U.S. Department of Health & A ; Human Services, 2004 ) . The tabular array 1 shows passing on wellness attention services in comparing with other disbursals such as energy, labour, pension, judicial proceeding and adoption in twelvemonth 2004. Table 1. Greatest Cost Pressure on U.S. Businesss Beginning: The U.S. Department of Health & A ; Human Services ( 2004 ) . The effects of Healthcare disbursement on U.S. economic system. Retrieved March 17, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //aspe.hhs.gov/health/costgrowth/ The tabular array 1 sum-ups entire per centum cost of wellness attention services by authorities in comparing with other disbursals. In the twelvemonth 2004, the entire wellness attention outgo counted for 43 % from the whole governmental outgo. The sky-rocketing cost of wellness attention services and increased fraudulent activities by wellness attention suppliers played a large function in weaving off authorities histories. The chief ground in holding HIT effectual into the health care system is to diminish the fraud activities and therefore lessenings healthcare disbursals. In the current health care market many wellness attention frauds were caught by FBI and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. The biggest medical fraud was settled in June, 2003 paying $ 1.7 billion by HCA Inc – the health care company in amendss originating false claims to Medicare and other wellness insurance plans by federal. The proprietor of the company Bill Frist was involved in civil liability for fraud claims due to assortment of illegal activities, fraud charge and payment to doctors by hard currency kickbacks ( Bozita, 2009 ) .Tools of HIT in Private Health Care SectorThere are different types of tools for implementing HIT into the wellness attention system for private patterns, such as Electronic Health Records, E-prescription, Computerized Decision Support ( CDS ) , and the Computerized Physician Order Entry ( CPOE ) . The usage of these HIT tools varies by their maps, and besides depends on the medical installation utilizing them consequently. The usage and benefits of these tools concrete in improved quality attention, diminish medical mistakes, and cut down wellness attention costs. And the description of part replies absolutely to oppugn one of the research. The description of the widely recognized tools is following: Electronic Health Records The Electronic Health Record ( EHR ) can be defined as the electronically available wellness records of a patient, created for speedy and easy entree for both, physicians and patient, at any clip with unafraid cyberspace sites, and created by one or more than one wellness attention suppliers. This record covers the patient history, get downing from present reference, immunization/vaccination, any wellness conditions, any medicines or prescription, advancement notes, medical trials conducted and its consequences ( HIMSS, 2010 ) . An first-class illustration for implementing EHR into the system is Palo Alto Medical Foundation ( PAMF ) which has all its patients ‘ information electronically saved into their database. The handiness of electronic wellness record at unafraid internet site of PAMF by their patients let them to see of import constituents of their medical records, reexamine the medical trial consequences and discourse it with doctors, petition electronic prescription an d renew or do assignments ( PAMF, 2010 ) . EHR besides allows doctor and office member of private patterns to remain off from documents and at finger tip they can hold the patient history in forepart of them as needed. Health attention suppliers are besides able to reexamine patient ‘s insurance information along with the charge information. Physicians are now able to mention the patient to specialist or surgeon if they want to supply expertness intervention. Before ordering any drugs, they can reexamine the patient history or information if any drug interactions are at that place ( PAMF, 2010 ) . The study conducted in November 2007 shows 63 % of 2153 U.S. grownups had agreed that the sharing of the electronic wellness record allow patients to have better wellness attention as a ground of now physicians and research workers are available to portion the information and same clip are able to extinguish the medical mistakes ( Bright, 2007 ) . E-Prescription E-prescription has been explained as the key to better patient safety and to cut down expensive medicine costs. E-prescription is an electronic way to compose prescription by come ining informations through e-prescription package and reassign informations to take parting pharmaceuticss. It is estimated that due to medical prescription mistakes around 7000 deceases occur every twelvemonth in United States of America. These mistakes are fundamentally due to hand-writing illegibility, false dose information, and missed medicine-medicine or medicine-allergy reactions. Around 3 billion paper based prescription written yearly, which counts the biggest paper-based concerns in United States of America ( Pennell, 2009 ) . The construction and map of the e-prescription package are setup with full of benefits and extraordinary characteristics. The warning and watchful system of the package provide guidelines on holding the incorrect information on the prescribed drugs. The package is equipped with medicine direction procedure with the aid of Drug Utilization Review ( DUR ) plans. The DUR plans check patient ‘s current medicine program for drug-drug interactions, drug-allergy interactions, multiple diagnosings, right dose of prescribed drugs, inauspicious effects, etc. Many of the new soft-wares can besides entree patients ‘ program of wellness with the diagnosings and intervention at a clip of ordering drugs as an qui vive if there is any drug wrongness ( Pennell, 2009 ) . The private patterns and place wellness bureaus receive 1000000s of phone calls from pharmaceuticss sing the prescribed medical specialties, doses, and refill petitions. An E-prescription helps to cut down the phone calls and call-backs for pharmaceuticss and physician ‘s offices. The study conducted in 2003 by Medco Health Solutions has ruled out that doctors and the staff of doctors ‘ offices in Boston spend one tierce of their office clip in replying pharmaceutics phone calls, facsimiling prescriptions, draw out charts, replenishing charts, call-backs which reduces office work flow and productiveness ( Pennell, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Pennell ( 2009 ) , it is estimated that 20 % of the hand-written prescription orders go lost and ne'er filled by the patient at pharmaceuticss. But the e-prescription systems increase patient conformity by progressing the filling of prescription and provides drug literature printed to the patient. It besides helps patients to better formulary attachment by look intoing generic substances at point of attention. It increases patient convenience by cut downing their visits to pharmaceuticss and diminishing their waiting periods ( Pennell, 2009 ) . Recent study by Pamela Dolan ( 2010 ) describes a important rise in the figure of wellness attention suppliers who prescribe medicine electronically. In private wellness attention sector, there is merely one doctor out of four seeking to utilize e-prescription. The Surecripts, state ‘s largest e-prescribing web, released advancement study which shows important advancement in utilizing e-prescription. Table 2 shows the drastic rush of Numberss of wellness attention suppliers utilizing engineering from 2007 to 2009. Table 2: E-prescription Growth Industry Beginning: Dolan, P. L. ( 2010, March 15 ) . E-prescribing growth, but most patterns still do non usage it. Retrieved March 16, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amaassn.org/amednews/2010/03/15/bisb0315.htm In sum-up of Table 2, it is cleared that the consciousness of benefits by utilizing wellness information engineering is widely spread out amongst the doctors and the infirmaries. The addition in Numberss itself says that the demand for wellness information technological tools is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. The estimated growing of utilizing HIT tools will be more than 200 % from 2009 to 2010 ( Dolan, 2010 ) .Professionals of Implementing HIT in Private Healthcare SectorThe usage of computing machines and electronic devices enables doctors and other wellness attention suppliers to administer and entree medical records ( Bihari, 2010 ) . Health Information Technology helps to acquire the higher quality attention and is readily accessible by physicians at any location. As all the information is electronically available, physicians can rapidly entree to patient history any clip. This electronic information eliminate paperwork and the same clip cut down the storage infinite and cut down staff clip to keep medical records. As a consequence it helps wellness attention concerns to cut down costs and clip ( Wangia, 2009 ) . An electronic wellness record provides information about any immunization/vaccination that has been taken in past and any medical trials that have been conducted in past with its trial consequences. Therefore, it is easy for physicians to happen whether the immunization/vaccination or medical trial was already done or non and money salvaging for the patients, as they do n't necessitate to reiterate the immunization/vaccination or medical trial ( Bihari, 2010 ) . The Health Information Technology provides evidence-based reviews to the doctor about any type of radiological trial order to patients, and happening out whether the patient had that earlier or non with its consequences ( CBO, 2008 ) . This finally helps to command the costs. The electronic wellness records of infirmaries, which include the Clinical Decision System ( CDS ) every bit good as the Computerized Physician Order Entry ( CPOE ) to cut down the cost of prescription drugs. The electronic wellness records allow doctors to look into the list of medicines patient return, list of possible drug allergic reactions ( if any ) and any drug interactions or reaction of medicine. Therefore, physician before ordering any drug or medical specialty can travel through the electronic wellness record of patient to avoid or to minimise the hazard of any drug interactions or reactions ( CBO, 2008 ) . Besides these, the Health Information Technology ( HIT ) with the electronic wellness records allows patients to hold active entree of wellness attention records of medical history and intervention. This besides allows to see the refill a prescription and to reexamine any conducted medical trial consequences. Thus an electronic wellness record allows patients to discourse wellness job with the physician on phone without seeing really ( Bihari, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to 2005 drumhead study of infirmaries, because of wellness information engineering, the nurses have less paperwork and they use the saved clip productiveness work such as assisting patient to acquire appropriate preventative attention, supplying better instruction about their heath, etc ( CBO, 2008 ) . However the electronic wellness records of Health Information Technology are available on a really unafraid web that means it has strong privateness available. This allows a patient to inquire concerns to the physician by electronic mails without any vacillation. The electronic mails are merely accessible by physicians, which reduces the transmittal mistake of accurate information electronically every bit good as cut downing the opportunities of error that may happen while one misread physician ‘s script. The electronic wellness records of Health Information Technology cut down the duplicate hazard of any wellness attention supplier ‘s diagnostic process ( Wangi a, 2009 ) .Improvements in Governmental HIT SectorThe President Clinton and President Bush had besides applied compulsory usage of HIT in 1999, 2003, 2008 and now President Obama made it confirmed that by 2012 each and every medical installation must utilize wellness information engineering into their system. The Congress had declared bundles many times to deep the root of HIT into the system to do it truly effectual in bettering quality attention throughout the state, but merely the half success is achieved. An electronic wellness record is a systematic record of electronic wellness information of a patient and allows an person to hold large scope of informations in comprehensive or drumhead signifier such as medical history, medical conditions, allergic reactions or reactions of any medical specialties, immunization/vaccination taken, medical trial consequences every bit good as charge information. Therefore, late the quality of wellness record in the Veterans Hospital has improved a batch. Millions of pending or inactive documents are now active and are resolved. These were possible merely because of the electronic wellness record of wellness information engineering ( Goldstein, 2009 ) . An employee of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, was working in the charge section and was involved in the offense of stealing of patients ‘ record and earned tonss of money by victimizing the insurance companies or by bear downing patients for the intervention that they ne'er received it. But due to the handiness of electronics records both by patient and the physicians, this type of offense or fraud are now evitable easy and rapidly ( Goldstein, 2009 ) .Cons of Implementing HIT in Private Healthcare SectorEven though the wellness information engineering have rationalized the concern procedure, it has besides decreases occupation, downsizing every bit good as outsourcing of employees, these all leads to unemployment overall. For illustration, due to the wellness information engineering, there is less paper work for office employees which means with lesser figure of people the same sum of work can be done. And people start losing their occupations as there is no exces sively much paper work to make. Besides the quicker, easy and convenient communicating by the wellness information engineering, there are opportunities of interceptions to e-mail hacking. And besides people do non desire that their personal information is going public accessible. For illustration, to salvage their ain clip people send an electronic mail to their physician about their concern inquiry for their wellness and the electronic mail hacker can read their personal information in electronic mail and do it available for general populace. Therefore, sometimes people get more disquieted with electronically available information. However, as per the research survey conducted by Richard Hillestad and associate members at RAND, the Las Vegas Sun reports the execution of an Electronic Health Record ( EHR ) system would take about 15 old ages countrywide and initial puting cost of an Electronic Health Record ( EHR ) system in hospital apparatus is about $ 98 billion and in doctors is about $ 17 billion. This means that the mean annual cost in hospital apparatus is $ 6.5 billion whereas the mean annual cost in doctors ‘ apparatus is $ 1.1 billion ( MediLexicon, 2005 ) . It is in general being said by the industry experts that today ‘s biggest issue of occupation security is due to the cyberspace engineering. In the universe of invariably altering engineering, people have to do their egos cognizant and update about it, otherwise it would be hard to work for them and finally they lose their occupations. For illustration, the aged staff members at physicians ‘ office have to larn this electronic heath record maintaining system or they might lose their occupations because of non able to execute accurately. This besides relates to elder patients, who do non hold any thought about the computing machine systems and can non entree their personal information at a peculiar clip. As technological progresss take topographic point twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, there is besides a menace of cyberspace viruses any minute on computing machine systems. Peoples learnt a lesson in earlier yearss, when Y2K virus infested many computing machine systems, and wipe out all informations from difficult thrust. If this could go on to damage patients ‘ informations in infirmaries, so there is no usage to hold wellness information engineering to continue medical records updated ( Koffey, 1999 ) . Some advocates sustain that put ining Health Information Technology ( HIT ) system in doctor ‘s office or private infirmary apparatus is harder and complex than put ining merely a Health Information Technology ( HIT ) system or package in a computing machine and connecting to the Internet Explorer ( NCPA, 2010 ) . The Health Information Technology ( HIT ) is fundamentally manus held device, intending the electronic wellness record is maintained and updated by worlds into the computing machine. Therefore, there might be possible opportunities of holding an mistake during the information direction. There might be possibility of an mistake during come ining the study or consequence of any medical trial consequence, which at later may do bigger or unsafe jobs. For illustration the medical trial consequence of X individual says the blood sugar degree is 120 and by misidentify the individual who come ining the information in the system typed 210, which means individual X is diagnosed with higher sugar degree and considered as diabetic patient.President Obama ‘s HIT Contribution in Healthcare Reform Plan of 2010The current economical drawback and increased fraud, maltreatment and waste in wellness attention disables consumers from acquiring economical medical benefits and leads to worsen in qua lity of wellness attention ( Hasan, 2010 ) . One of the biggest challenges for United States of America is to finalise scheme and thoughts which help consumers holding medical benefits with quality and economical coverage in private wellness attention sector. The recent scheme of President Obama is to welcome and appreciate any thought which can diminish the wellness attention outgo, bring quality attention, cut down fraud and maltreatment, and gives consumer pick of health care. The Major Constraints The major restraints in President Obama ‘s Health Care Reform Plan are ( Hasan, 2010 ) : Low-cost, Portable, and Quality Health Coverage for All Standardizing and Overhauling the U.S. Health Care System to Lower Costs & A ; Improve Quality Promoting Prevention and Strengthening Public wellness Description & A ; Coverage The President Obama ‘s vision to the health care system is so concrete that non even a individual U.S. citizen suffers from unequal health care. President Obama ‘s estimated cost for health care reform program is about $ 50 to $ 65 billion. The existent measure provides $ 5 million to Centers for Medicare & A ; Medicaid ( CMS ) in 2010 and $ 10 million every twelvemonth from 2011 to 2019 ( Brewin, 2010 ) . The health care reform program caters investing in HIT aimed at dropping extreme disbursals that occur from decreased medical mistakes and weave off uneffective paper-based charge system. The health care program ‘s chief docket is to give cosmopolitan wellness insurance which will decrease unsalaried health care services ( Hasan, 2010 ) . Benefits to HIT of Private Healthcare Sector The wellness reform measure calls to innovative centre construct up for inveterate sick patients. With the aid of wellness Information Technology, patients ‘ coordination of attention would be managed by a web of suppliers connected to a chronic disease register and tele-home wellness services. For an illustration, about 20 million U.S. citizens suffer from Diabetes, and for them tele-home wellness engineering provides patients to relay blood sugar degrees to their primary attention suppliers through remote glucose metres. The statute law provides $ 5 million every twelvemonth from 2011 to 2015 to develop the autonomy at Home Medical Practice Demonstration Program, which could incorporate homecare visits by doctors, distant patient monitoring and nomadic diagnostic machines. One of the centre parts of the program is that each household will salvage around $ 2,500 every twelvemonth ( Brewin, 2010 ) . Critics The chief critic is sing to make another plan for the citizens under age of 65 or merely like Medicare is itself an expensive thought, which would do cost switching instead than cost decrease. President Obama besides wants to give more power to governmental plans like Medicaid and State Children ‘s Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP ) . Another point of treatment is about doing an investing in HIT and sing HIT is an of import component of cost control scheme of the program. Obama finds the lone manner to decide these issues is important usage of wellness information engineering ( Hasan, 2010 ) .DrumheadThe private wellness attention sector of United States of America is at hazard due to increasing demand, intensifying costs, inconsistent wellness attention services, and inactive coordinated wellness attention systems. The groundss show that wellness information engineering can better the efficiency, cost effectivity, quality, and safety of wellness attention release by doing prop er rules available to doctors throughout the wellness attention web. The wellness information engineering consists of different types of tools such as Electronic Health Records ( HER ) or Electronic Medical Records ( EMR ) , E-prescription, Computerized Physician Order Entry ( CPOE ) , Clinical Decision Support ( CDS ) which have their ain functions to play consequently to better the wellness attention system in general. Though there are more positive effects of implementing HIT in private wellness attention sector, but some negative effects are besides present to blockade the complete success. Section III: MethodologyData Collection MethodThis research will use primary research methods to back up secondary research database with the aid of on-line databases. The secondary research methods include scholarly diaries, magazines, articles, intelligence paper, and texts will be used to back up the results of primary research database. The major portion of this research will be drawn from appropriate old surveies and well-performed researches that evaluated several facets of implementing wellness information engineering in governmental health care sector and private health care sector. The information aggregation method will be performed to find the possible success of implementing wellness information engineering in private health care sector. The on-line resources and studies conducted by different writers will be considered to measure the usage of wellness information engineering into their system. The demand of technological progresss into the wellness attention system of private patterns will be gathered on a proper manner to happen out the hereafter obstructions. Besides the informations aggregation method will assist to happen the grounds for hold in implementing HIT into their system. This research will besides assist to happen the ways to set e-prescription system effectual to work in private wellness attention sector to diminish hand-written prescription mistakes. The usage of electronic medical records besides can be evaluated easy in private wellness attention sector though research work. Section IV: Analysis OF DATA Evidence suggests the chances for implementing HIT is bit by bit lifting in United States health care system from governmental health care sector to private health care sector. The little private patterns and place health care bureaus have besides started seting more attempt in utilizing HIT tools to better the quality attention countrywide. The research inquiries have given solid foundation to this research undertaking and happening the nutshell was the nucleus intent of this research undertaking. These research inquiries were analyzed below: Table: 3 Does wellness information engineering have capableness to better the quality attention, cut down medical mistakes and wellness attention costs? Writers Statements Agree/Disagree Bihari, 2010. Computers and other electronic devices enable doctors to administer and entree the medical records at any clip. Agree Wangia, 2009 Due to wellness information engineering, doctors can cut down the clip in taking audiences which can salvage the clip and costs. Agree Bright, 2007 The sharing of the electronic wellness record allow patients to have better wellness attention as a ground of now physicians and research workers are available to portion the information and same clip are able to extinguish the medical mistakes. Agree Redhead, 2005 The commission on National Health Information Infrastructure facilitates easy exchange of wellness information amongst wellness attention suppliers. Agree RAND Health, 2005 Even though implementing HIT improves the quality of attention but initial set up is small expensive. Disagree KaiserEDU, 2008 The possible usage of Health Information Technology provides quality betterment, cost decrease and diminish medical mistakes into health care system Agree Moiduddin & A ; Moore, 2008 There are some chances to better quality life for underserved United States citizens through execution of information engineerings Agree This research survey has contained positive and negative effects of implementing Health Information Technology which answers inquiry two. Though private patterns are different from the big governmental health care sectors, but the positive and negative effects will be the same every bit far as they both related to quality attention and health care disbursals. The table 4 suggests analysis study for inquiry 2 of the survey: What are the positive and negative effects of implementing wellness information engineering in private wellness attention sector? Writers Statements Effectss ( Positive/Negative ) Bihari, 2010 Health Information Technology helps to acquire the higher quality attention and is readily accessible by physicians at any location. Positive Wangia, 2009 This electronic information eliminate paperwork and the same clip cut down the storage infinite and cut down staff clip to keep medical records Positive CBO, 2010 With the aid of HIT tools healthcare suppliers can entree any radiological trials any clip which provides evidence-based reviews Positive Dolan, 2010 The estimated growing of utilizing HIT tools will be more than 200 % from 2009 to 2010. Positive Koffey, 1999 Because of threatens from computing machine viruses, there is no usage to hold wellness information engineering to continue medical records updated. Negative MediLexicon, 2005 The execution of the EHR system would take about 15 old ages countrywide and initial puting cost of the EHR system in hospital apparatus is about $ 98 billion and in doctors is about $ 17 billion. Negative NCPA, 2010 Installing Health Information Technology ( HIT ) system in doctor ‘s office or private infirmary apparatus is harder and complex Negative The information analysis tabular array 4 summaries the positive and negative effects of implementing HIT into the private health care sector. The 80 per centum of the resources suggest implementing HIT into the little organisation besides has the positive effects, but 20 per centum of the resources suggest implementing HIT has negative effects in certain affairs. Section V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONSDrumheadThe wellness attention system of United States of America is confronting economic drawback in present clip, and truly needs reform in wellness attention engineering to better quality of attention and decreases cost and medical mistakes. The President Obama ‘s wellness reform measure boosted up the execution of wellness information engineering in both governmental and private wellness attention sector. The current governmental scheme seting more attempt in usage of advanced engineering into health care system to accomplish success by cut downing sky-rocketing wellness attention expenditures. The old bailout bundle counts around $ 19 billion helped a batch in implementing wellness information engineering in governmental entities. The different signifiers of HIT are Electronic Medical Records ( EMR ) , E-prescription, Computerized Physician Order Entry ( CPOE ) , Clinical Decision Support ( CDS ) , etc. are really utile tools and are really easy available to put up into the system these yearss. The initial set up is small expensive, but President Obama ‘s bundle offers fiscal aid for utilizing wellness information sciences. For an illustration, if any private physicians ‘ office wants to utilize EMR or E-prescription package, the package company will be paying to the company excess money at certain continuance on annual footing. Despite of first-class benefits such as capablenesss to cut down medical mistakes, utmost cost benefits, reduces paper-based system and thinks environmentally green, better quality of wellness attention services ; though execution of HIT has some negative effects and more researches are traveling on to diminish the cost for initial set up and do safer transit of computerized medical informations. With the aid of telephonic interviews and secondary resources, the research can do solid decision on possible benefits of implementing HIT in private wellness attention sector.DecisionIn decision, the execution of wellness information engineering has been turning from governmental wellness attention sector to private wellness attention sector. The potency of HIT has been achieved by implementing it into the wellness attention system with proper planning and proper vision. In governmental wellness attention sector, execution of HIT has reached to the success by diminishing medical mistakes, c ut downing costs, and bettering quality of attention. The execution of HIT in private wellness attention sector besides has the same capablenesss to accomplish the success in affair of quality services and diminishing medical frauds. However, there is no cogent evidence that all private patterns and place attention bureaus can take active portion in implementing wellness information engineering.RecommendationsBased on the findings of this research survey, there are some recommendations which should be implemented in private wellness attention sector for better result. In information analysis, most private patterns and place wellness attention bureaus agreed to utilize HIT tools to diminish the medical mistakes and better quality intervention. The President Obama ‘s program besides has possible to set adequate attempt, but there is no surety in following regulations and ordinances by private wellness organisations. The major recommendation is to set compulsory statute law for implementing wellness information engineering into their system to acquire choice consequences. There must be formation of a jurisprudence or the authorities has to go through a sentence for conformity to utilize HIT tools, and breaching of an Act cause important mulct or penalty. This will take definite consequences in bettering quality of attention by utilizing wellness engineering in proper manner. Other recommendations include mandatory application of wellness information engineering package for e-prescription. At least an applicable tool for e-prescription saves possible hand-written prescription mistakes and deceases occurred from these types of mistakes can be lower down finally. The same manner, EMR besides can be implemented for safety transportation and to keep the confidentiality of patients ‘ medical records. The authorities will besides do a database which can salvage all medical records of the patients countrywide. So, that manner if something happen to any private wellness organisation so at least authorities has entree to all informations and safety sedimentation of medical records can be achieved easy. The authorities besides has to do a HIT tool for electronic charge for private patterns, so they can diminish paper-based procedures and think green environmentally. This will besides take to diminish deceitful activities by the wellness attention suppliers at private patterns and place wellness bureaus.